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Wednesday 17 May 2023

Dyshidrotic Eczema- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama

Dyshidrotic eczema often starts as an acute onset of itchy small blisters on the surfaces of palms, fingers, soles and toes. Usually, it is self-limiting and thus may not need any treatment. The symptoms can be managed accordingly. The disease is also known as vesicular eczema, palmoplantar eczema, foot and hand eczema, pompholyx, and dyshidrosis. A child with dyshidrosis may overcome this condition as he/she becomes an adult.

Signs and symptoms

 Itching, burning sensation and small-sized blisters, red discolouration, skin cracks, excessive sweating over palms, fingers, soles & toes and thick nails are the common signs. Generally, these difficulties disappear after 2 or 3 weeks. In serious cases, there may be discomfort in holding things, walking, or even touching the water.

Causes

Though the real cause of dyshidrosis is unknown, persons with family history of this condition often suffer from this. Health conditions like allergy, eczema, increased sweating of palms and soles, infections or stress may be a cause. Contact with metals such as nickel, cobalt etc is another reason. Females and persons between 20-40 years of age are at higher risk.

Diagnosis

 This condition can be diagnosed clinically. A patch test can confirm any allergy to metals. There is no specific lab tests to diagnose dyshidrosis.

Complications

The main complication is infection of the blisters due to increased itching. 

Treatment

For healing the blisters, steroids ointments can be applied. Severe dyshidrosis can be treated with antihistamines, steroids, immunosuppressant drugs, botulinum injection. Sometimes, drainage of blisters may be needed. Ultraviolet light therapy and wet compress over the blisters are also helpful. Frequently wash the hands and soles with lukewarm water and mild soaps. Keep the palms and soles properly dried. Applying moisturizers can prevent drying of skin. Use gloves whenever touches water. Do not scratch the blisters. People with any kind of allergy should stay away from allergens. Those who are allergic to metals like cobalt, nickel etc should adopt appropriate protective measures. Avoid the food items that contain these metals (eg: chocolates, nuts, shellfish etc).

Ayurvedic concept

Dyshidrosis is not mentioned as such in Ayurvedic scriptures, but the symptoms can be correlated with those of Charmadala kushta (a kind of kshudra kushta). It is caused by aggrevation of Pitta nd Kapha doshas. Some researchers consider this as ‘Dooshi-visha janya visphota kushta’, and hence vishahara chikilsa as well as Rasayana therapy are recommended.

Nidana

 All those factors that can vitiate pitta and kapha dosha can be the nidanas/ causes. Food articles having more sour, salty, spicy tastes, certain activities (eg: contact with nickel, cobalt) or even seasons (hot, after rains) that aggravate Pitta and Kapha doshas may be the potential causative factors.

Poorvarupa

 Twak parushya, sweda bahulata and kandu are the poorvarupas (prodromal symptoms).

Samprapti

 All the skin diseases develop from the deranged physiology of tridoshas and dhatus like twak, mamsa, shonita and lasika.

Lakshana

The lakshanas of Charmadala kushta are kandu, vyadha, osha and sparsha as ahata.

Prognosis

As it is a dwidoshaja vyadhi, Pittakaphaja kushta is krchra sadhya (difficult to manage).

Chikilsa

 The management of pittakaphaja kushta is basically ghrta (ghee) predominated. All the measures that can reduce aggravated pitta and kapha can be adopted. These include ruksha kapha hara oushadhas, principles of kushta chikilsa/ charmadala chikilsa and raktaprasadana oushadhas along with symptomatic management.

Commonly used medicines

Tiktaka ghrta, Amruthottaram kashaya, Guluchyadi kashaya, Manjishtadi kashaya, Nimbadi kashaya, Panchatiktakam kashaya, Patoladi kashaya, Vilwadi gulika, Nimbakalka lepa, Rasottamadi lepa, Eladikera, Ayyappala taila, Panchathiktakam Ghrutham, Patolamooladi churna .

Home remedies and behavioural changes

 Take food items which are easy to digest. Vegetables having bitter taste (bitter gourd, snake gourd etc) are recommended. Avoid meat, curd, milk and fruits having sour taste. Vajraka taila, paste of haridra/ nimba can be used for external application before bath. Water boiled with Khadira can be used for drinking or cleaning the affected area. Avoid scratching over the blisters and habit of day sleep.

Yoga

 Yoga can be incorporated as a supportive therapy to reduce the associated stress. Meditation techniques help a lot in skin problems along with yogic purification therapies (Shatkarmas).

Researches

  1. Mindfulness based cognitive hypnotherapy is useful in skin problems including Dyshidrosis. (Shenefelt PD. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Skin Disorders. Am J Clin Hypn. 2018 Jul;61(1):34-44. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2017.1419457. PMID: 29771216.)
  2. A case report of Dyshidrosis suggest treatment including Aragwadhadi Kashaya, Patolakaturohinyadi Kashaya, Vilwadi tablet, Triphala churna (externally), Kalyanaka ghrta etc as effective intervention. (Dhaliya R, Babu H. Ayurvedic visha hara (antitoxic) chikitsa in recurrent dyshidrotic eczema skin disease: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021;12(1):156-160. doi:10.1016/ j.jaim. 2020.06.010).
  3. It can also be considered as Vicharchika and treat accordingly. (Hegde P, Hemanth DT, Emmi SV, Shilpa MP, Shindhe PS, Santosh YM. A case discussion on eczema. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010;1(4):268-270. doi:10.4103/0974-7788.76792).

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/05/17/dyshidrotic-eczema-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/

Friday 24 March 2023

Basal Joint Arthritis-Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama

Ayurvedic Treatment for Basal joint arthritis

Introduction

Basal thumb arthritis is presented with pain in the thumb as main sign. It is been very common in the OP clinics nowadays. Both young adults and old age people will be affected by this disease. It is seen mostly along with other underlying conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. Pain is felt on the base of the thumb and radiates to the thenar eminence and the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. The pain is slightly relieved by rest but in most cases, the pain is aggravated by excessive physical activity involving thumb. Daily chores like washing & draining clothes with hands, closing & opening of jars, writing and working on computer make pain worse. Usage of mobile is becoming a big issue among youngsters leading to damage of thumb joints and lately manifested as basal joint arthritis. In the beginning there will be intermittent pain, may be mild and bearable. If not given proper treatment, the pain becomes constant and unbearable over time. In chronic cases, weakness and restricted movements of the joint also can be observed. Though it causes extreme discomfort to the patient, it woks really as a protective mechanism by the body to restrict the joint from moving and excess exertion. In later stages, the inability of the joint becomes severe and subluxation results. Movements of abduction becomes almost impossible. Slowly the function of the hand is deteriorated along with pinch grip. In this condition, holding large objects become impossible as the gap between thumb and index finger can not be widened normally. In the final stage, the thumb is collapsed forming a swan neck deformity. It is associated with progressive adduction of the first metacarpal joint and hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joints as a result.

Causes of basal joint arthritis

No genetic or environmental factors are proven as the cause of basal joint arthritis. But chronic degenerative arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, defective postures & strain on the area can act as risk factors of the condition.

Treatment of basal arthritis

Mild cases are dealt with:

  • Restricted movement and activity
  • Splints
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Moderate and severe cases may need corticosteroid injections and surgery along with measures previously mentioned. In very severe cases, continued use of analgesics & restricted movements will be necessary.

Complications of basal joint arthritis

Swan neck deformity

Complete loss of movement

Weakness of thumb

Preventive measures of Basal joint arthritis

Moderate exercises to keep the joints healthy.

Avoid excessive physical pressure on the joint

Complications of medicine & treatment

In severe cases corticosteroids are used mostly in the form of injection. This may cause damage to the capsule of the joint & articular cartilage. In repeated use, the effect may be reduced.

Oral administration of corticosteroids is also needed in some cases. Long term use of NSAID s and analgesics are advised in many people with severe pain. Such medications can cause adverse effects on the gastro intestinal system and immunity.

Ayurvedic Concept of Basal joint arthritis

Ayurvedic explanation of pain is always related with an abnormal or instable Vaata dosha. This can happen either due to a channel obstruction where Kapha or Pitta is associated or in degenerative conditions where only Vaata being the culprit. Pain in the joints when Vaata dosha is aggravated, the condition is called as Sandhigatavaata. Basal joint arthritis can be related with this condition in the beginning stages. When Vaatadosha gets aggravated and affects the kandaras that connect into fingers, it causes severe pain & loss of movement of the hand and fingers. When radiating pain is there or pain of the whole arm develops, the condition can be compared to a disease explained as Khallwi/Viswachi where Vaata dosha causes severe pain of the shoulder, arm & the hand. The description of signs & symptoms of this condition are told as Pain the hand and fingers and loss of mobility of hands and fingers In both conditins, the movement is affected due to severe pain and in due time, the affected joint undergoes degeneration leading to serious deformities. Timely management along with nidaanaparivarjana (avoiding causative factors) are essential to prevent such complications.

Ayurvedic Nidana of Basal joint arthritis

Causative factors for the vitiation of Vaatadosha like malnourishment, senile changes, deficiency, diseases like Rajayakshma causing emaciation etc

Injury

Ayurvedic treatment for Basal joint arthritis

The treatment of basal joint arthritis needs both whole body & localised care. In the first stage, it is necessary to differentiate the presence or absence of any associated dosha with Vaata. If there are Kapha or Pitta, medicines & therapies are done to remove them. In cases where only Vaata is present, nourishing diet & therapies are advised.

 Lepanam with herbs that are dry & relieving pain like jadamayadi choornam if Aama or vitiated kapha present

Abhyanga (oil massage) and pradesikadhara (continuous pouring) with oil in conditions without aama or kapha. If the patient is strong enough and young, oleation therapies with medicated oils & ghee followed by therapeutic sweating is done. Cleansing therapies like medicated purgation or emesis are done. In needed cases, therapeutic enemas are administered with expert supervision.

In emergency, Agnikarma or cauterisation therapies are done for immediate pain relief.   Common medicines used in such cases are as follows:

Ashtavargam kashayam

Maharasnadi kashayam

              Prasaranyadi kashayam

              Ksheerabalatailam avarthy

Herbal Preparations for Basal joint arthritis

  • Milk preparation or decoction with dasamoola
    • Milk preparation or decoction with karaskara
    • Local application of Rasnadi churna
    • Herbal paste made from Sataahwa & kulattha

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/03/24/basal-joint-arthritis-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/

Friday 10 March 2023

Chemo Brain- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama

Introduction

Though the exact reason is shadowy, the cancer fighters (under chemotherapy) or the survivors usually complains of Chemo brain, a very annoying problem that affects memory and thinking process. It is also called as cancer -related cognitive impairment, chemo fog etc. Generally, the person may feel difficulty in concentrating, learning new skills, finding right words; attention defects; short-term memory loss; mental fogginess, confusions; being messy; take more time to finish simple routine tasks; impaired visual and verbal memory etc. The condition may be worsened by increased susceptibility to chemo brain and diseases like DM, anxiety, depression or thyroid dysfunctions. Though the disease cancer is deadly and feared most, the experience of chemo brain is worse, say the affected people and their bystanders. When the main disease affects the person’s physical health and mental stability, chemo brain adds to it by debilitating the person even more. In some people, the chemo brain makes them more dependent than the cancer itself. Apart from that, chemo brain leads to serious mental problems that affect the person’s confidence and self-esteem. It may lead to other psychiatric problems like depression or anxiety.

Causes of Chemo brain

  The exact reason for chemo brain is unknown, but the probable causes may be cancer in brain or when a malignancy metastasizes into brain the changes develop. Excessive or overdose of radiation therapy, older age, associated mental stress etc can worsen the condition. The duration of the problem varies with each person.

Treatment of Chemo brain

   No approved treatment is available for chemo brain. The best remedy is coping with the problem. It is found to be a temporary issue following chemotherapy. Some techniques include brain exercises (e.g., puzzles), preparing to-do list, music therapy to calm down the mind, regular physical exercise, ensuring sound sleep for at least 7 hours etc may be helpful.

Complications of chemo brain

It is not easy to differentiate whether the complications are due to cancer, brain metastasis or chemo brain. But serious complications ranging from personality disorders to shrinkage of brain areas are observed in patients with chemo brain.

Preventive measures of Chemo brain

Best preventive measure is to maintain general health and normal body weight as much as possible despite the stage of cancer.

  Yoga asanas and suitable meditation under the guidance of an instructor are advantageous. Pranayama techniques that boost memory power, counselling therapies etc can also be practiced.

Ayurvedic Concept of Chemo brain

              The condition is not exactly mentioned but the clinical correlation can be with Vishaja unmada or gara visha. The effect of garavisha develops when the circulatory system gets in contact with combination poisons through enteral or parenteral route and when that leads to psychotic problems the condition is known as vishaja unmada.

Ayurvedic Nidana of Chemo brain

Visha – poisoning

Ayurvedic treatment for Chemo brain

Removing the effect of poison from the body (nirvisheekarana) is the first line of treatment.

Raktaprasadana – clearing the vitiated Raktadhatu(circulatory system and associated tissues)

Aamapachana – removal of metabolic toxins

Agnideepana – enhancing the digestion

Brumhana & ojaskara – strengthening the body

Saantwana – counselling

Sadvrata & daivavyapasraya – rituals and good behaviour & regimens for stress relief

Herbal Preparations for Chemo brain

Drakshadi kashayam

Mridweekadi kashayam

Patolakaturohinyadi kashayam

Neelidaladi kashayam

Vilwadi gulika

Mritasanjeevani gudika

Brahma Rasayan

Drakshadi Leham

Mridwikarishtam

Vasant Kusumakar Ras

Aswagandha Churna

Triphala Churna

Diet & Regimen

Food should include easily digestible, fresh warm and home made items

Avoid spicy pungent and hot food items.

Avoid dairy products if allergic

Intake of Madhura & tikta rasa is indicated.

Avoid oily & sticky food items.

Maintain normal body weight & a regular sleep schedule.

Yoga & Pranayama

Chemo brain can be managed well with the help of Yoga postures and pranayama techniques with expert supervision. It is recommended if the patient is generally having a moderate to good health status.

Yoga postures like Vrikshasana, Parvatasana, Savasana, Bhujangasana, Vajrasana etc will do good in various stages of chemo brain

Anulom vilom and Seetali pranayama breathing techniques are found helpful in reducing the discomforts

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/03/10/chemo-brain-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/

Thursday 9 March 2023

Chemical Dependency- Ayurvedic Treatment, Diet, Exercises, Research Papers, Yoga & Pranayama

Ayurvedic Treatment for Chemical dependency

Introduction

  Also known as substance abuse or drug addiction, chemical dependency is a medical brain disorder characterised by abuse of illegal substances (eg: heroin, marijuana, cocaine) or even legally permitted substances (alcohol, nicotine or a prescribed medicine). When the pattern of a substance use causes substantial problems or distress, it is considered as dependency or abuse. In serious cases it often ends up in several legal issues. It is a major a reason of relationship problems in both developed and developing countries.

A person is identified as substance dependent when the abuse of drugs/alcohol continues even with difficulties popping up related to their use.

Causes of chemical dependency

Chemical dependency is usually multifactorial. Environmental stress, social pressure, genetic vulnerability, personality traits and some psychiatric disorders may be counted as the reasons.

  The signs and symptoms of substance abuse differs from person to person. Strong desire to use a substance; usage of larger amounts of a substance and/or for a longer period; continuous desire or failed trials to cut down or control its use; drug/alcohol usage which interferes with work/school/home duties; spending a lot of time for getting drugs or alcohol; sticking on the substance of use despite continuous relationship, physical or psychological issues; being fervent in taking risks (including sexual risk) under the influence of substance; developing tolerance to get same effect and withdrawal symptoms; quitting/dipping activities because of drug/alcohol use are generally shown. These symptoms may resemble other medical or psychiatric conditions.

Peer pressure, media influence, poor parent-child communication and lack of supervision are the chief risk factors which often lead to substance abuse.

Treatment of chemical dependency

  Treatment for chemical dependency often determined by many factors such as the type of substance used, age of the person, period of abuse etc. Major treatment plans include detoxification/ de-addiction therapy, individual and family psychotherapy or long term follow up management.

Complications of chemical dependency

Weight loss, redness of eyes, persistent fatigue, lack of personal and environmental hygiene, anxiety, depression, sleep anomalies and most importantly cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.

Preventive measures of chemical dependency

  Family based, school based and community-based programmes are being planned for effective prevention of chemical dependency. Simple yet effective techniques like dodging stress; creating strong bonds with family, friends and relatives; healthy communication; staying motivated can be executed.

Ayurvedic Concept of chemical dependency

              Ayurveda explains the concept of addiction in the chapter Madatyaya. It deals with various types of madya (alcoholic beverages) used at that time. In this huge chapter, Acharya explains the production, types, qualities and healthy ways to drink Madya. In each line, Acharya explains the bad effects of alcohol on body mind and social relationships, advising many times, it is better to keep away from substance abuse.

              Other ways of chemical dependency in ways like inhalation etc are explained in the chapters of Visha (toxicology & poisoning). The signs & symptoms along with the management are explained in detail and the same depend upon the type of the poison and dose. The effects may vary according to the age sex and strength of the affected person too. Signs and symptoms of chemical dependency are explained which can be compared before confirming the diagnosis. Management depends upon the diagnosis and the condition of each patient.

Ayurvedic Nidana of chemical dependency

Overuse of any kind of addictive substance (maadaka dravya)

Ayurvedic treatment for chemical dependency

Management of chemical dependency is not a single medicine. It depends mainly upon what kind of substance caused the dependence and the mode of administration.

Intake of maadaka dravya (solid or liquid)

Immediate management is attained by cleaning the bowels. In most cases, regular virechana or mild purgation on a daily basis can be given to keep the body from the metabolic toxins. Use of the substance should be totally stopped or reduced without harming the system in total. After the Koshtha is cleaned, herbal formulations are given to reduce the toxins & chemical wastes from the body.

Inhalation of maadaka dravya

Mostly the management is the same as intake but focus is given to the respiratory system also. Nasya or nasal drops with anti-poisonous and cleansing herbal formulations are also done.

Herbal Preparations for chemical dependency

Vilwadi gulika

Mridweekadi kashayam

Drakshadi kashayam

Srikandasavam

Kharjoorasavam

Side effect management of chemical dependency by Ayurveda

Ayurveda gives utmost importance to keeping the body and mind clean. Any kind of toxins produced within the body or entered the body from outside should be eliminated soon. Ayurveda has the most efficient ways and herbal combinations as cleansing therapies in the name of Ayurveda Panchakarma. Chemical dependency can affect the body in many ways, damaging vital organs like liver, kidney, lungs or heart. Ayurveda can help in detoxifying the body and making the body clean, by herbal formulations and Panchakarma therapies.

Yoga and Pranayama

Yoga can help improve general health and immunity. In chemical dependency, Yoga postures like Vrikshasana, Padmasana, or Ardhamatsyendrasana help improve the blood flow and circulation to the brain thereby improving mental wellbeing. Praanayama should be practised starting from Anulom-Vilom and Nadeesuddhi Following a Saatwik diet and a Yoga regimen will help in reducing the discomforts due to chemical dependency as well as reduce the person’s further chance for substance abuse.



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/03/09/chemical-dependency-ayurvedic-treatment-diet-exercises-research-papers-yoga-pranayama/

Wednesday 8 March 2023

VARATIKA BHASMA -Benefits, Ingredients, Indications, Dosage, Usage, Preparation, Side effects, Equivalent Medicines, Research Papers

Varatika bhasma is an Ayurvedic medicine used in the treatment of digestive problems. This medicine is prepared from cowries. This medicine should only take as per the direction by a physician.

BENEFITS OF VARATIKA BHASMA

  • This medicine is popularly used in the management of diseases of the digestive system.
  • It is effective in improving digestive power.
  • This medicine is specially administrated in the disease called grahani (malabsorption).
  • It is used as natural aphrodisiac medicine.

INDICATIONS OF VARATIKA BHASMA

  • Digestive problems
  • Malabsorption
  • Emaciation
  • Abdominal colic
  • Hyperacidity
  • Eye diseases
  • Ear diseases
  • boils

INGREDIENTS OF VARATIKA BHASMA

SL NO SANSKRIT NAME ENGLISH ACTION
1 VARATIKA        Cowries Balances vata, pitta ,kapha dosha

METHOD OF PREPARATION

The varatika are enclosed in sarava samputa (closed mud plates) and subjected to heating in special equipment known as puta.

DOSHA- DUSHYA PREDOMINANCE AND ROGA MARGA

  • Dosha – This medicine is recommended for the treatment of vata, pitta, kapha dosha imbalance.
  • Dushya-  useful in diseases affecting rasa, raktha dhatu –indigestion
  • Roga marga – This medicine can be administered in diseases affecting

abhyanthara roga marga – diseases of the digestive system

DOSAGE AND USAGE

Take 125 mg to 250 mg after food twice daily along with trikatu churna, shankha bhasma or as directed by an Ayurvedic doctor.

EXERCISES AND YOGA

Yoga and Pranayama are a set of breathing and stretching exercises respectively, widely practised in the treatment of different diseases.

Nadi Shuddi Pranayam    –  cleans the respiratory passage, calms mind (mental stress aggravates digestive problems)

The patient needs to be seated in a meditative posture with the head and spine erect, with the body relaxed. The patient has to close his one nostril (e.g. left nostril if using the right hand and vice versa) with the thumb and exhale completely through the other nostril. Again, he will have to breathe in deeply through the other nostril while the opposite nostril is still closed with the thumb.

              RECOMMENDED DIET AND BEHAVIOUR

  • Avoid food items which produce dosha imbalance like cold and dry food, hard to digest. Because dosha imbalance aggravates the symptoms.
  • Consume easily digestible food items, lukewarm water, gruel
  • Avoid smoking, carbonated drinks, alcohol
  • Avoid consumption of heavy diet at bedtime.

SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

  • This medicine should only take as per the direction of the physician.
  • Improper administration and overdosage leads to side effects
  •    Taken by children, lactating women and during pregnancy only after consulting an ayurveda doctor.
  • Can this medicine be used while taking Allopathic medicines?

                    Seek your doctor’s advice if you are taking this medicine along with Allopathic medicines.

  • How long the medicine can be used?

            Duration of medicinal administration is based on your stage of the disease. Before taking medicine consult a physician.

  • Is this medicine habit forming?

    This medicine is not habit-forming. After using for a prescribed period gradually decrease the dose and eventually stop it.

                  CLASSICAL REFERENCE

  • Rasatarangini

             EQUIVALENT MEDICINES

  • Hingu ashtaka churna
  • Hingu vachadi churna
  • Panchakola churna

             AVAILABLE BRANDS

  • Shree Dhootapapeshwar
  • Orient ayurvedic pharmacy

        RESEARCH PAPERS

  1. Chemical standardisation studies on varatika bhasma
  • Evaluation of varatika bhasma for its ulcer protective effect on albino rats.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147483/

  • Pharmaceutico-analytical study of varatika bhasma with special reference to its types according to rasatarangini

http://ayurpub.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/5.VARATIKA-BHASMA.maladkar.pdf

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/03/08/varatika-bhasma-benefits-ingredients-indications-dosage-usage-preparation-side-effects-equivalent-medicines-research-papers/

Monday 6 March 2023

SARS COVID- Ayurvedic Diet

Diet in the Covid era

Cases of coronavirus infection are still on the rise despite all the preventive measures including vaccination. The severity of the disease can be lessened by the vaccine but an effective medicine to kill the virus has not yet been available. Covid19 and its variants had just put a pause to the human life on earth for the last two years. It’s been an era of lockdown, social distancing, isolation, panic and many situations including financial. As the incidence of infection and virus spread is being increased, it is important to find ways to lessen the viral load, improve general health & immunity and thereby reduce complications.

We know that we get energy from the food we eat. Our digestive system cuts down food particles into smaller molecules and energy is released as a result of chemical reactions. We need this energy to carry out all functions. Apart from this, food supplies the building blocks of our body in the name of proteins, fat etc. These are needed for growth and development especially it is needed in high quantity in children. Content, quantity and quality of the food essentials are different in various people and conditions. It is decided considering age, sex, body weight, physical activity levels etc. In this way, a common diet plan is not possible for everyone in daily life.

Role of diet in an Ayurvedic way

               Ancient Indian scholars portrayed a person as a physical and mental transformation of what he eats. It portrays yourself as what you eat. It is even written that Annamayam hi mana: (Your mind is what you eat). Ayurveda considered health as primary and food and sleep are very important components that contribute to it. Quality of food is mainly divided into 6 or 3 pairs like snigdha(moist) and rooksha(dry), ushna(hot) and seta(cold) & guru(heavy) and laghu(light). These qualities are assessed by the observation of their action in the body. For example, a food item is considered heavy when it takes more time to get digested when compared to laghu or easy to digest foods. Ayurvedic texts describe food intake in detail like what, how, when, how much to take. It has also described the quality and action in the body of each set of foods like different cereals, meats, pulses, vegetables and whatnot. Ayurveda has elaborated the benefits of a green gram while it explains Bengal gram as causing vitiation of Vaatadosha. Ayurveda is not against fish, meat or alcohol. Taste and action on the body of prawn are written in the text. Can you believe it? Also, it is explained, how to take food, like the custom method for food intake, like take food in a calm place, without any distraction, with added moist and hot content, according to season and time etc. By following such guidelines, we can be sure not to hamper Agni (digestive fire) and thereby keep the three doshas in a balanced state. It is very much essential for health.

Diet in the covid times

In Covid, the virus attacks almost all systems and organs if not controlled from the beginning. It catches hold of the immunity system, digestive system and hinders Agni and the digestion & absorption becomes altered. It is very important to provide right nutrition but it is also important not to cause indigestion. As the virus causes cellular destruction, the body gets weak temporarily. It is important to give needed nourishment, yet not to burden the already weak digestive system. Ayurveda suggests a similar scenario, as Peyaadikrama or samsarjana krama after Panchakarma procedures. It is a summary of the chart containing schedule time and contents of diet for almost one week, in a specific order from light to a heavy diet that properly rekindles the Agni. Diet during covid times can be viewed in three aspects.

  1. For covid patients

Though, the virus affecting is of a single species, the disease shows a difference in clinical presentation from person to person. As the body cells are facing a destructive phase, proper nutrition should be there without giving extra burden to the organs in the digestive system. Blood and other circulation systems may be concentrating on respiration and other cardinal functions to fight the virus. It is important not to cause indigestion even in a small manner. A common diet protocol can be followed for easy recovery and to avoid complications. It should be done after individual examination and assessment of Agni(digestion). Eat only according to appetite. Eating a lot of food will alter the digestive system and may lead to complications in the covid patient.

Indian:

Fresh and warm food always. Avoid old and refrigerated foods.

Always keep it very light and simple. Eat only when you are hungry. Do not eat snacks every two or three hours that may alter the digestion and cause the mixing up of half-digested and undigested food inside the stomach. This can lead to toxic metabolic wastes in the body that can cause complications.

Avoid fruits and raw vegetables in the covid affected persons as they can reduce digestive fire. Steamed vegetables with rock salt and pepper can be taken.

Drinking water can be boiled with ginger, cardamom or basil. Avoid drinking old water.

Rice gruel, green gram and dry paste with coconut, curry leaves, ginger, salt, pepper, green chilli, shallots and gooseberry.

Various kinds of soups like chicken soup, dal soup, veg soup etc seasoned with rock salt and black pepper.

Dry roti and moong dal curry without much spices or red chilli

Continental:

It is better to avoid fats like oils, butter, cheese etc. Baked or grilled vegetables can be taken. Soups with vegetables or meat stalks are also good. It is advisable to use small fishes only in curry form or grilled form. Avoid all fried items.

Some recipes that are suggested for covid patients with good appetite are:

Coriander oats soup, Broccoli corn soup, Carrot-tomato soup

Grilled wholewheat brown bread vegetable sandwich

Grilled vegetable capachio

Mushroom and herb-filled tomatoes

Red meat in very small quantity if the appetite is good, only baked or grilled.

Baked eggs, sardines and other fishes if appetite is good

Salads like carrot-orange salad, Peach salad, tomato-cucumber salad etc. topped with lemon, black pepper and salt

  • Post covid persons

Once you get the test negative, it is a time for celebration, yes. But there is a risk of Post covid syndrome as it is called for the after strikes of Covid seen in patients after the stage of covid infection. Unfortunately, it becomes more severe than the actual covid positive stage in many people. Extreme tiredness, fatigue, body ache, headache and digestive disorders are some of the issues faced by postcovid people. Ayurveda suggests implementing the Jwarapathya in such conditions. It includes food items that help improve digestion and absorption while supplementing & nourishing the body tissues. It is to be kept in mind not to overeat. Half part of the stomach is the maximum for solid food. A one-quarter portion should be filled with liquid food and the rest part should be kept empty for the free flow of air to regulate the digestive fire appropriately. Diet after covid infection can be as follows:

Indian:

Any rice preparations like fried rice, tomato rice, tamarind rice, lemon rice etc should be avoided due to excess oil and spices in them. But homemade jeera rice and lemon rice with very little oil can be taken in moderate quantity if the person has a good appetite.

Rotis can be taken with cow’s ghee or sesame oil with less spicy curry

Avoid milk products other than buttermilk boiled with ginger, turmeric, black pepper and curry leaves. Avoid boiled buttermilk if constipated. It is beneficial in diarrhoea cases.

Better to avoid fried non-veg items and snacks. Meat preparations other than red meat soups are not advised. Small fish can be taken as curry if the appetite is good.

Any steamed dish like steam cake, idiyappam, rice balls etc is good to eat as breakfast with chutneys or dal curries or stew.

Fruits can be taken in moderate quantity if no respiratory problems. It is advised to take pomegranate, guava, gooseberry etc. If you are eating a banana, better to eat it cooked or steamed.

Continental

Baked vegetables like spinach and corn,

Soups like spinach-oats soup, broccoli soup,

Banana pancake, beetroot pancake

Beetroot hummus

Mixed vegetable stew

Paneer stuffed bread sandwich

Creamy pear feta salad

Grilled multigrain sandwich

Oatmeal in soymilk

Oats dates pomegranate smoothie (not with ice)

Grilled tofu spinach sandwich

Red meat in very small quantity if the appetite is good, only baked or grilled.

Baked eggs, sardines and other fishes if appetite is good

  • Preventive aspect

All medical systems unite at one point and that is prevention is better than cure. Though covid prevention is strictly based on social distancing, wearing a mask and using soap, the severity & complications when affected can be lessened by following a good diet and lifestyle. To prevent covid, it is most important not to cause the vitiation of Kapha. It is also important to keep the digestive and respiratory health in good condition to fight off the virus. This can be achieved by the following tips:

  1. Assess your appetite and body constitution well and eat accordingly. Having milk can be a blessing for a Vaata person if he has good Agni but the same milk can act as a poison for a Kapha person if Agni is weak.
  2. Take fresh and warm food only. Do not eat old, packed, tinned or refrigerated food items.
  3. Eat wholesome food with all the six tastes included in it. If you are obese or diabetic, avoid the sweet taste.

Preventive aspects with diet in Covid can be applied in both Indian continental food as follows:

Indian:

Eat ginger in all possible ways daily. Have a small piece of ginger added with jaggery twice a day to protect digestive organs. Taking ginger with a pinch of rock salt can help improve appetite.

Soups of mung dal, vegetables, or chicken

Khichdi of rice and mung dal

Rotis made with sesame oil or cows’ ghee

Vegetables like bottle gourd, bitter gourd, cucumber, carrots, beetroot, Indian yam, plantain etc daily. Green leafy vegetables and potatoes can be taken twice a week if Agni is good.

Spices like jeera, black pepper, garlic, coriander, ginger, Ajwain should be used in daily cooking

Golden milk or one glass of milk added with half tsp of turmeric can be taken once a day. Avoid in conditions of excess Kapha and respiratory disorders. It should not be taken if there is indigestion.

Continental

Eat more vegetables and protein if you are a person with a good appetite. Avoid fried items and excess oil. Baked and grilled dishes are healthier than others. Steamed dishes are easily digestible too. Smoothies with fruits rich in Vitamin C will do good. Milk and milk products should be taken in moderate quantity only if you have a good appetite to digest them.

Some of the healthy recipes are:

Soups like corn-cauliflower soup, chickpea soup

Salads like chicken cheese salad. Corn &cabbage salad,

Paneer steak with tomatoes and sesame seeds

Baked broccoli, mushrooms and spinach with cheese

Chicken garlic wings baked

Pancakes of various flavours

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/03/06/sars-covid-ayurvedic-diet/

Tuesday 14 February 2023

ULPALA CHOORNAM-Benefits, Ingredients, Indications, Dosage, Usage, Preparation, Side effects, Equivalent Medicines, Research Papers

Ulpala choornam is an Ayurvedic medicine used in the treatment of hair fall. This medicine contains herbal ingredients only. This medicine should only use as per the direction by a physician.

BENEFITS OF ULPALA CHOORNAM

  • This medicine is popularly used in the management of hair fall.
  • As per ayurvedic classics, it is kesasamvardhanam.
  • This medicine is used as an external application on the scalp.

INDICATIONS OF ULPALA CHOORNAM

  • Kesachyuti – hair fall

  INGREDIENTS OF ULPALA CHOORNAM

SL NO SANSKRIT NAME LATIN QUANTITY ACTION
1 JATAMAMSI Nardostachys jatamansi 1 part The beneficiary effect on the central nervous system
2 KUSHTA Saussurea lappa 1 part Effective in skin diseases
3 TILA (ELLU) Sesame Seed 1 part Balances vata
4 SARIVA Hemidesmus indica 1 part Reduces pitta dosha
5 NEELOLPALAM Monochoria hastaefolia 1 part Reduces pitta dosha

METHOD OF PREPARATION

Above mentioned drugs are taken in equal quantity and powdered.

DOSHA- DUSHYA PREDOMINANCE AND ROGA MARGA

  • Dosha – This medicine is recommended for the treatment of vata, pitta dosha imbalance.
  • Dushya-  useful in diseases affecting rasa, raktha dhatu – Scalp skin diseases
  • Roga marga – This medicine can be administered in diseases affecting bahya roga marga – hair fall

DOSAGE AND USAGE

External application of churna on the scalp mixed with milk and honey, then washed off after 15 to 30 minutes or as directed by an Ayurvedic doctor.

EXERCISES AND YOGA

Yoga and Pranayama are a set of breathing and stretching exercises respectively, widely practised in the treatment of many diseases.

Nadi Shuddi Pranayam    – for getting calmness to the mind provide overall health

The patient needs to be seated in a meditative posture with the head and spine erect, with the body relaxed. The patient has to close his one nostril (e.g. left nostril if using the right hand and vice versa) with the thumb and exhale completely through the other nostril. Again, he will have to breathe in deeply through the other nostril while the opposite nostril is still closed with the thumb.

              RECOMMENDED DIET AND BEHAVIOUR

  • Avoid food items which produce dosha imbalance like cold, more salty, sour and dry food, hard to digest. Because dosha imbalance aggravates the symptoms.
  • Consume easily digestible food items.
  • Patient with dandruff doesn’t exchange the towels, comb with others.

SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

  • This medicine should only administer as per the direction by the physician.
  • Improper administration may lead to side effects
  • Can this medicine be used while taking Allopathic treatments?

                    Seek your doctor’s advice if you are using this medicine along with Allopathic treatments.

  • How long the medicine can be used?

            Duration of medicinal application on the scalp is based on your stage of the disease. Before using medicine consult a physician.

  • Is this medicine habit forming?

    This medicine is not habit-forming. After using for a prescribed period gradually decrease the duration and eventually stop it.       

         CLASSICAL REFERENCE

  • Ashtanga hridaya

  EQUIVALENT MEDICINES

  • Malathyadi tailam               – for dandruff as hair oil
  • Durdurapathradi keram

           AVAILABLE BRANDS

  • Vaidyaratnam

The Food and Drug Administration, United States has not evaluated these statements. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your GP before the intake.

Please consult Dr. Rajesh Nair here-

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/online-consultation.html

Writer:

Herbal-Doctor-Vaidya
Dr. Rajesh Nair Consultant, Ayurveda Medicine, India

Dr. Rajesh Nair, the co-founder and chief consultant of Ayurvedaforall.Com, is a graduate of prestigious Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College (affiliated with the University of Calicut), Kerala, India. Additionally, he holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Yoga Therapy from Annamalai University.

Dr. Nair offers consultation at two busy clinics in and around Haripad, Alleppey, Kerala, the southern state famous worldwide for authentic ayurvedic treatment and physicians. While offering consultation on all aspects of ayurvedic treatments Dr. Nair has a special interest in Panchkarma, Yoga, and Massage.

Through Ayurvedaforall, Dr. Nair offers online consultation to patients worldwide and has served hundreds of patients over the last 20 years. In addition to his Ayurvedic practice, he is the chief editor of ayurveda-amai.org, the online portal of Ayurveda Medical Association of India, and the Secretary of the Kerala State Committee of Ayurveda Medical Association of India.

Dr. Nair is a regular speaker at Ayurveda-related conferences and has visited Germany to propagate Ayurveda. You can write directly to him-rajesh@ayurvedaforall.com

Whatsapp – +91 9446918019, +91 8075810816

URLs:

https://www.ayurvedaforall.com/

To give you a quick idea about Ayurvedaforall, we are a group of ayurvedic practitioners committed to propagating Ayurveda in its best tradition around the world. Our online store sells authentic ayurvedic formulations backed by professional advice. Now into the seventeenth year of operation, the site has helped us build a dedicated clientele which regularly uses our products and services as well as refers others to us. Needless to say, this has been achieved through our adherence to the highest standards of customer service and professional ethics.

Please write to info@ayurvedaforall.com or Whatsapp  ++91 8075810816. ++91 8714818871     



source https://ayurvedapc.blog/2023/02/14/ulpala-choornam-benefits-ingredients-indications-dosage-usage-preparation-side-effects-equivalent-medicines-research-papers/